“Cardiac arrest may be caused by almost any known heart condition.

Most cardiac arrests occur when a diseased heart’s electrical system malfunctions. This malfunction causes an abnormal heart rhythm such as ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation. Some cardiac arrests are also caused by extreme slowing of the heart’s rate (bradycardia).

Irregular heartbeats such as these are life-threatening.

Other causes of cardiac arrest include:

Scarring of the heart tissue – It may be the result of a prior heart attack or another cause. A heart that’s scarred or enlarged from any cause is prone to develop life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. The first six months after a heart attack is a high-risk period for sudden cardiac arrest in patients with atherosclerotic heart disease (the buildup of fatty deposits, or plaque, in the arteries).
Thickened heart muscle (cardiomyopathy) – Damage to the heart muscle can be the result of high blood pressure, heart valve disease or other causes. A diseased heart muscle can make you more prone to sudden cardiac arrest, especially if you also have heart failure. Learn more about cardiomyopathy.
Heart medications – Under certain conditions, some heart medications can set the stage for arrhythmias that cause sudden cardiac arrest. (Oddly, antiarrhythmic drugs that treat arrhythmias can sometimes produce ventricular arrhythmias even at normal doses. This is called a “proarrhythmic” effect.) Significant changes in blood levels of potassium and magnesium (from using diuretics, for example) can also cause life-threatening arrhythmias and cardiac arrest.
Electrical abnormalities – These, including Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and long QT syndrome, may cause sudden cardiac arrest in children and young people.
Blood vessel abnormalities – These rare cases occur particularly in the coronary arteries and aorta. Adrenaline released during intense physical activity can trigger sudden cardiac arrest when these abnormalities are present.
Recreational drug use – This can be associated with cardiac arrest in otherwise healthy people.
Commotio cordis – Commotio cordis occurs as a result of a blow to the left side of the chest during a narrow window in the heart rhythm.”

American Heart Association (Causes of Cardiac Arrest | American Heart Association)

The rhythms above are heart blocks (HB) that occur in the bottom of the upper chambers which can occur in some people. There is 1st degree HB where you can live a completely normal life with but 2nd and 3rd degree HB needs treatment (usually a pacemaker) by cardiologist surgeon.  After treatment with 2nd and 3rd degree HB you can live a completely normal life with follow up with your cardiologist and yearly pacemaker checks.

In this rhythm below the Ventricular Tachycardia is with a point on the top but than flips upside down (commonly called Torsedes Pointes).  This is commonly due to Magnesium Level low and IV Magnesium in the hospital is given 1 to 2 gm.

This  rhythm above with a pulse=also a rhythm pulsating in different areas of the heart in the ventricles only causing the rhythm not to look identical throughout the tele strip above = Polymorphic V- Tac- meaning the stimulus in the ventricles to make the heart beat is coming from different areas of the ventricles for each beat.  Each jagged tooth is a beat that makes up the whole strip shown above for Ventricular Tachycardia.

Than when the atriums aren’t working as the natural pacemaker that took over for the sinus node but now they don’t work so now the ventricles take over and the rhythms of all ventricle rhythms are with NO p waves since the atriums are not working so no p wave is involved but we have QRS waves but their wide in measurement because the rhythm starts in the ventricles. The rhythms are PVC (Premature Ventricular Contractions), Idioventricular Rhythm, Ventricular tachycardia (Monomorphic and Polymorphic-rhythm getting more irregular. When regular and monomorphic=looking identical with every ventricular beat or contraction as opposed to polymorphic=not looking identical each contraction but each one is a ventricular contraction), Torsades De Pointes Ventricular Tachycardia (the rhythm starts upright but turns upside down but each contraction without a p wave and a wide contraction meaning a ventricular contraction), and Ventricular Fibrillation, to asystole.

Here’s what they look like:

 Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm

Accelerated idioventricular rhythm occurs when three or more ventricular escape beats appear in a sequence. Heart rate will be 50-100 bpm. The QRS complex will be wide (0.12 sec. or more).

A regular QRS measures less than 0.12 which is with all atriums rhythms.

 Asystole

Asystole is the state of no cardiac electrical activity and no cardiac output. Immediate action is required.

Idioventricular Rhythm

Idioventricular rhythm is a slow rhythm of under 50 bpm. It indicates that then ventricules are producing escape beats.

Premature Ventricular Complex-PVC (above 1st strip in #4)

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) occur when a ventricular site generates an impulse. This happens before the next regular sinus beat. Look for a wide QRS complex, equal or greater than 0.12 sec. The QRS complex shape can be bizarre. The P wave will be absent.

Premature Ventricular Complex – Bigeminy a QRS after every 2 regular beats

Premature Ventricular Complex – Trigeminy a QRS after every 3 regular beats

Premature Ventricular Complex – Quadrigeminy a QRS after every 4 regular beats

The more PVC’s especially right next to each other can lead to Ventricular Tachycardia to Ventricular Fibrillation if not treated in time.

 Ventricular Fibrillation (in above strip-3rd one)

Ventricular fibrillation originates in the ventricules and it chaotic. No normal EKG waves are present. No heart rate can be observed. Ventricular fibrillation is an emergency condition requiring immediate action.

Ventricular Tachycardia  (in above strip-2nd one)

A sequence of three PVCs in a row is ventricular tachycardia. The rate will be 120-200 bpm. Ventricular Tachycardia has two variations, monomorphic and polymorphic. These variations are discussed separately.

Ventricular Tachycardia Monomorphic

Monomorphic ventricular tachycardia occurs when the electrical impulse originates in one of the ventricules. The QRS complex is wide. Rate is above 100 bpm.  Each V tac beat looks identical like in the strip above.

Ventricular Tachycardia Polymorphic

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia has QRS complexes that very in shape and size. If a polymorphic ventricular tachycardia has a long QT Interval, it could be Torsade de Pointes.  The strip shows the pulses are not identical=polymorphic since the pulse beats are coming from all different areas of the ventricles.

Torsade de Pointes  (the rhythm strip at the top under Heart Blocks)

Torsade de Pointes is a special form of ventricular tachycardia. The QRS complexes vary in shape and amplitude and appear to wind around the baseline.  This is an example or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia.

Ventricular ending line needs to be treated stat to be switched back to atrial rhythm since the heart is missing ½ of the conduction it’s to normally receive from the atriums and if not reversed the heart will go into failure to heart attack or to asystole flat line and go into a cardiac arrest.

With PVCs=Premature Ventricle Contractions asymptomatic we just closely monitor the pt and telemetry the pt is on. Now a pt with PVCs and symtomatic usually meds with 0xygen (sometimes 02 alone resolves it but other times with meds) but if it gets worse into V Tachycardia the treatment is below.

Idioventricular Rhythm (IVR)is usually with a slow brady pulse and needs meds.   Accelerated IVR (AIVR) is usually hemodynamically tolerated and self-limited; thus, it rarely requires treatment.

Occasionally, patients may not tolerate AIVR due to (1) loss of atrial-ventricular synchrony, (2) relative rapid ventricular rate, or (3) ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation degenerated from AIVR (extremely rare). Under these situations, atropine can be used to increase the underlying sinus rate to inhibit AIVR.

Other treatments for AIVR, which include isoproterenol, verapamil, antiarrhythmic drugs such as lidocaine and amiodarone, and atrial overdriving pacing are only occasionally used today.

Patients with AIVR should be treated mainly for its underlying causes, such as digoxin toxicity, myocardial ischemia, and structure heart diseases. Beta-blockers are often used in patients with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion and cardiomyopathy

With Ventricular rhythms with fast pulse over 100 with symptomatic signs for the patient we may use as simple as valsalva pressure on the neck that medical staff only do but when pt is in asymptomatic (no symptoms) Ventricular Tachycardia (V-Tac) to even medications but when symptomatic if in V-Tac start cardioversion with a pulse if no pulse called pulseless V-Tac we use a defibrillator since there is no pulse there is no QRS to pace with in having the shock hit at the R wave, why? NO PULSE.

Treatment for Torsade de Pointes is Magnesium deficiency and Mag. Supplement given IV 2gms. Usually effective but if necessary the same as above as directed for it with a pulse or the other V Tac. (without a pulse)-See above.

Ventricular Fibrillation is when the ventricles are just quivering and the atriums in any ventricular rhythm doing nothing. The pt needs CPR and ASAP a defibrillator in hopes the shock will knock the rhythm back to a normal sinus or some form of a real rhythm.

Asystole which is a straight line, no pulse and this is CPR with epinephrine or Vasopressin 40 for only the replacement of the 1^st or 2^nd dose of Epinephrine 1mg. This is given 3-5 minutes (epinephrine). No defibrillation since no pulse. A rhythm may come back and if not the MD will call when CPR stops. Asystole is hard to resolve in most cases highier probability of resolution if in a hospital where close monitoring is done and its detected quicker.

The PURPOSE in treating any rhythm abnormal to the human heart is to reach the goal of a optimal or healthiest rhythm (a normal sinus rhythm , the best rhythm the heart can be in) and if not reaching an atrial rhythm.  We the medical field aim to reach a heart rhythm the patient can live with and hopefully reaching the best NSR-Normal Sinus Rhythm.  Normal sinus rhythm that is a rhythm starting from the upper right chamber extending to the left one and continues down on both sides to the bottom of the ventricles.  This rhythm is giving the most effective oxygen perfusion to the heart to allow it to do its function (pumping good oxygenated blood flow out of the left ventricle at the same time pumping highly carbon dioxide blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs to get more oxygen).   Doing this it allows the human body to get good amounts of oxygen to all our tissues=good overall oxygen perfusion to all tissues.  At the same time what happens is red blood cells from all tissues with mostly used up oxygen from the cell and more carbon dioxide in the cell are also being pumped by the heart to return to the right side  to the lungs to go through this whole process again in getting more oxygen in the RBCs which keeps us alive. A human without oxygen or low oxygen to their tissues or any tissue is going to reach cellular starvation which in turn causes starvation to the tissues (in general) or to a tissue area (Ex. Take the diabetic-regarding the foot to lack of 02 to cyanotic purple tissue to necrotic black tissue=dead to amputated since the tissue is dead.  Remember by gravity the foot is the furthest from the heart).

Cardiac Arrest or Heart Attack are more likely to occur in  a irregular rhythm especially making the heart work to hard being RVR afib in the atriums that can lead easily to ventricular tachycardia to ventricular fibrillation and not treated immediately.

Cardiac Arrest or an abnormal heart rhythm is an electrical problem with the conduction of the heart whereas a Heart Attack can be caused by a blockage of blood.  An example could be the coronary arteries-main arteries of oxygenated blood to the heart that can lead to a bad rhythm due to lack of 0xygen that leads to worse rhythms as the heart gets more stressed out.

For direction many experts like Atlantic Endocrinology states the following:

“You feel fine—no chest pain, no shortness of breath, no obvious red flags. But what if heart disease is developing silently?  It does for many where the cardiac condition was there awhile but no symptoms and the symptoms arise when the condition gets worse for many cardiac Dx’s.  Who wants to go to the doctor when they feel fine but there is always the silent symptoms and not just for cardiac issues but for this topic we will keep to just cardiac issues.

Many people assume a cardiologist is only for the elderly or those with symptoms, yet heart issues often start long before warning signs appear. So, when is the right time to schedule that first cardiac appointment? The answer might be earlier than you think.

Seeing a cardiologist isn’t just for the elderly or those with symptoms—heart disease can develop silently. Men over 40 and women after menopause face increased risk, especially with a family cardiac history of heart disease, high blood pressure, cholesterol, or diabetes. Preventive check-ups before age 60–70 improve outcomes.

Warning signs could definitely be such as chest pain or chest discomfort, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, continuous headaches, palpitations continuous or intermittent, fatigue, dizziness or swelling or edema, require medical attention. Monitoring blood pressure, cholesterol, and managing lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress are crucial. Those with hereditary or pre-existing heart conditions should see a cardiologist early for specialized care and prevention.”

Now even with rhythms that could lead to a heart attack!   Not that the rhythms were the primary cause of the heart attack but in most cases the rhythm is due to the cardiac condition. 

Now the rhythm can be used in helping the doctor as a preventative measure if found earlier enough to stop the heart attack from occurring! 

Now you know why there are many reasons to see a cardiologist at least yearly from 40 and up in men and post-menopausal in women!  Gave some examples or I would be writing a few novels!

“As the most commonly performed heart test, an electrocardiogram measures and records the electrical activity of your heart. Also known as an ECG or EKG, this key diagnostic tool provides invaluable and insightful information about the rhythm and function of your heart.

Simply put, an EKG is a “heart tracing” that offers a reliable (if not preliminary) snapshot of your cardiovascular health.

An EKG is a painless and noninvasive test that measures your heart’s electrical efficiency as it beats. As one of the fastest informational or diagnostic heart tests available, EKG testing can usually be completed in just five minutes.

To conduct an EKG test, a patient attaches up to 12 small, flat, sticky patches called electrodes at various points on your chest, arms, and legs. The electrodes are connected to a monitor that registers your heart’s electrical activity over the course of the exam.

During standard EKG testing, you lie still on a table as the electrodes detect and transmit the electrical activity of your heart to the monitor. EKG testing may also be used to measure and record your heart’s electrical efficiency under stress and through recovery.

The electrical activity of your heart doesn’t just drive your heartbeat, it also sets the rhythm and rate of that beat. A healthy heart usually has a regular beat that’s powered by steady electrical patterns, while a diseased or dysfunctional heart is more likely to have an irregular beat that’s controlled by fast, slow, or erratic electrical patterns.

Every single heartbeat is driven by an electrical impulse, or wave, that causes your heart to contract; each vital contraction keeps blood flowing seamlessly through your body.

An EKG monitors the strength, timing, and efficiency of this wave as it travels through the upper chambers of your heart to the lower chambers. It also monitors the electrical recovery between waves, or your heart’s momentary return to a resting state between each beat.”

ECCA Cardiologists (What an EKG Test Can Tell Your Doctor About Your Heart)

Heart Beat symbol design element

Why cardiac monitoring can be vital important in quickly telling the doctors and nurses very important messages in what is going on with the patient’s heart and overall condition problem (Example A Myocardial Infarction or even to Cardiac Arrest).

Cardiac monitoring is a great way for doctors to understand a patients’ overall heart health, and can provide enough information to quickly and accurately helping the doctor or nurse as a diagnostic tool based on several details within a heart rhythm. While each arrhythmia monitoring device is a little different, these details are essential in diagnosing any underlying and potentially life-threatening events.

Your heart can have the best rhythm it can be in called Normal Sinus Rhythm which is a rhythm that is produced by the sinus node (SA node) that is the human pacemaker of the heart in out right upper atrium.  It starts a impulse (think of it as a message) that starts from the SA node and goes down the right atrium across to the left atrium (the upper chambers of the heart) with contiuing to send both impulses down to the bottom chambers of the heart which we call Ventricles creating the sound we all know the heart make called “lub dub”. This sound is creating when our heart valves open and close between the heart to allow complete fill up and release for the cardiac filling of our blood from top chambers to bottom and out of the heart to our circulation to send oxygenation out to all our tissues from feet to brain and back to lungs where our red blood cells carry the oxygen to tissues but take carbon dioxide back to the lungs for an exchange of new oxygen we breath in to exchange the carbon dioxide for new oxygen in the red blood cells and is send to the heart sent out back to our circulation to keep our body tissues oxygenated.  Without oxygenation that would be red blood cell starvation resulting into death for the human body.

There are times the SA node does not work for some reasons which causes the heart to start sending impulses from areas lower than where the SA node sits in the heart, in the upper right area of the heart.  Now some rhythms under the SA node can live a normal life with being checked up by a Cardiologist preferably or a Primary Care Doctor but know the Cardiologist will probably pick up before any other MD, if numerous years of experience.

Here is the basics to know about telemetry monitoring and your heart rate (also known as pulse):

1. Arrhythmias: Ambulatory heart monitors can be assigned for short-term use (24 to 72 hours) or for long-term use (up to 30 days or more) depending on what your doctor needs to know. Many cardiac monitoring devices record the ups and downs of your heartbeat to determine the presence of any irregularities in your rhythm that could be associated with an arrhythmia that’s new but possibly easily treatable or even curable to dangerous possibly or any underlying conditions.  There’s a device that we call holter monitor.  This device is what you wear for days and bring back to your doctor with leaving on 24hrs or  couple of days till you take off when the MD tells you too.  Than there is continuous telemetry monitoring in the hospital that records on the unit computer the patient usually is on.  This the MD reviews when you come back to his office with the holter monitor or the MD reviews daily or more when in the hospital.  This helps direct the MD in your care since it is a diagnostic tool for him or her.

2. Heart Rate: Your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per unit of time, and can vary depending on your activities, sleep, and even what you eat. If it gets too low or too high when performing a specific activity, it’s essential that your doctor knows about it. A normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 99 beats a minute.  The lower the better but usually not more than 50 if you have been in the heart rate or pulse of 50’s all your life due to being an athelete (some even in there 40’s) but if you have symptoms like dizzy, weakness, change in mental status, chest pain/discomfort, to indigestion that just won’t go away SEE THE MD; especially if the HR or pulse rate is new in a low rate that you are in.

3. P-wave analysis: On the telemetry monitor what MD’s, nurses and even technicians see are rhythm waves that is represented by names for each aspect of the wave we study.  The first wave if in normal sinus rhythm or some type of sinus rhythm we see what we call a p-wave represents the spread of electrical activity over the atrium, and normally lasts less than 0.11 seconds that derived from the SA node.  This is how sinus rhythms got their names.  An abnormally long p-wave occurs when it takes extra time for the electrical wave to reach the entire atrium.  This is the area right before that bigger wave we call QRS wave.   The prolongation for the PR interval signifies usually some type of AV block.  This occurs down at the valves between the upper chambers (atriums) and lower chambers (ventricles).  Ventricle rhythms means their is no impulse going through the atrium or we would see a atrium rhythm so now the ventricles take over to make a rhythm showing Ventricular Rhythms.  These are dangerous rhythms.

4. Morphology: This refers to the form of cardiac rhythms and how they differ depending on underlying conditions. The morphology of a heart rhythm can be observed as a series of deflections away from the baseline of an ECG, and can vary if you have any type of condition that could affect your heart  (Let’s say heart failure to even drugs like Cocaine which is famous for speeding the heart up commonly know for putting patients in atrial RVR; meaning atrial fibrillation but at a high heart rate in the atriums putting your pulse at a HR of 150 to 250 and can lead to a heart attack.

Cardiac and arrhythmia monitoring solutions means that you can start treatment much sooner. Your heart monitor provides your physician with data necessary for diagnoses for a wide range of populations including geriatric, diabetic and pediatric patients, all age groups.

“Other than skin cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States.

Prostate cancer can be a serious disease, but most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die from it. In fact, more than 3.5 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point are still alive today.

The prostate cancer death rate declined by about half from 1993 to 2022, most likely due to earlier detection and advances in treatment. In recent years, the decline in the death rate has slowed, likely reflecting the rise in cancers being found at an advanced stage.”

American Cancer Society (Key Statistics for Prostate Cancer | Prostate Cancer Facts | American Cancer Society)

Prostate Cancer:

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men, first is skin cancer.

African-American men are at the greatest risk to develop prostate cancer. 

The American Cancer Society recommends men with an average risk of prostate cancer should begin the discussion about screening at age 50, while men with higher risk of prostate cancer should begin earlier.

Key statistics on Prostate Cancer from the American Cancer Society:

“The American Cancer Society’s estimates for prostate cancer in the United States for 2025 are:

• About 313,780 new cases of prostate cancer
• About 35,770 deaths from prostate cancer

The number of prostate cancers diagnosed each year declined sharply from 2007 to 2014, coinciding with fewer men being screened because of changes in screening recommendations. Since 2014, however, the incidence rate has increased by 3% per year.

Prostate cancer remains the second-leading cause of cancer death in American men, behind only lung cancer. About 1 in 44 men will die of prostate cancer. 

About 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. But each man’s risk of prostate cancer can vary, based on his age, race/ethnicity, and other factors.

Prostate cancer can be a serious disease, but most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die from it. In fact, more than 3.5 million men in the United States who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer at some point are still alive today.

The prostate cancer death rate declined by about half from 1993 to 2022, most likely due to earlier detection and advances in treatment. In recent years, the decline in the death rate has slowed, likely reflecting the rise in cancers being found at an advanced stage.”

American Cancer Society (Key Statistics for Prostate Cancer | Prostate Cancer Facts | American Cancer Society)

Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH):

What is this?  Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a health issue that becomes more common with age. It’s also called an enlarged prostate. The prostate is a small gland that helps make semen. It’s found just below the bladder. And it often gets bigger as you get older.

Sexual health is a major overall health marker for men — 1 in 4 men will experience some form of sexual health concern by age 65.

Erectile dysfunction and lower testosterone are linked to larger health risks, including heart disease, high blood pressure-HBP, diabetes and obesity. Remember African Americans are high for blood pressure. Perhaps higher rates of obesity and diabetes place African Americans at greater risk for high blood pressure and heart disease. Researchers have also found that there may be a gene that makes African-Americans much more salt sensitive. This trait increases the risk of developing HBP. In people who have this gene, as little as one extra gram (half a teaspoon) of salt could raise blood pressure as much as five millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Don’t forget bad diet, overweight to obese and sedentary life style play vital factors for getting HBP so on average it’s not just a gene factor but heredity does key in especially if you have disease (DM, Obese, Cardiac disease with HBP in the nuclear family especially).

Diet and medicine can control symptoms. You will have a yearly exam. Your health care provider will look for worse or new symptoms before beginning active treatment.

Why go to your health care provider? He will do a yearly exam looking for worse or new symptoms before beginning active treatment. Who should do this? Good candidates which are men with mild signs and symptoms of BPH, There are no side effects in having your doctor check you out. Just remember avoidance to the M.D. may make the situation to be harder to reduce your symptoms later on for not going to the M.D. yearly.

The causes of benign prostatic hyperplasia – (BPH)

The cause of BPH is not well understood; however, it occurs mainly in older men. Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not develop in men whose testicles were removed before puberty. For this reason, some researchers believe factors related to aging and the testicles may cause benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Throughout their lives, men produce testosterone, a male hormone, and small amounts of estrogen, a female hormone. As men age the amount of active testosterone in their blood decreases, which leaves a higher proportion of estrogen. Scientific studies have suggested that benign prostatic hyperplasia may occur because the higher proportion of estrogen within the prostate increases the activity of substances that promote prostate cell growth.

Another theory focuses on dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a male hormone that plays a role in prostate development and growth. Some research has indicated that even with a drop in blood testosterone levels, older men continue to produce and accumulate high levels of DHT in the prostate. This accumulation of DHT may encourage prostate cells to continue to grow. Scientists have noted that men who do not produce DHT do not develop benign prostatic hyperplasia.

Risk factors include aging and a family history of BPH. Other risk factors are obesity, lack of physical activity, and erectile dysfunction (ED).

Preventions Measures of Benign Prostate Hypertrophy – BPH:

There is no sure way to prevent BPH. Because excess body fat may affect hormone levels and cell growth, diet may play a role. Losing weight and eating a healthy diet, with fruits and vegetables, may help prevent BPH. Staying active also helps weight and hormone levels.

With BPH, the prostate gets larger. When it is enlarged, it can irritate or block the bladder. A common symptom of BPH is the need to urinate often. This can be every one to two hours, especially at night.

Symptoms of Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH):

• Feeling that the bladder is full, even right after urinating
• Feeling that urinating “can’t wait”
• Weak urine flow
• Dribbling of urine
• The need to stop and start urinating several times
• Trouble starting to urinate
• The need to push or strain to urinate

In severe cases, you might not be able to urinate at all. This is an emergency. It must be treated right away. It is foolish for someone to not get checked or treated since the condition like any other disease left untreated will only worsen and in time possibly kill you (Ex. CHF OR Diabetes OR even Obesity).

How Can BPH Affect Your Life?

In most men, BPH gets worse as you age. It can lead to bladder damage and infection. It can cause blood in the urine. It can even cause kidney damage. Men with BPH should get treated. Mild cases of BPH may need no treatment at all. In some cases, minimally invasive procedures that do not require anesthesia are good choices. And sometimes a combination of medical treatments works best.

BPH is monitored by your doctor and there are active treatments.

Treatments to Benign Prostate Hypertrophy -BPH:

Medications are often the first treatment for BPH. There are two types of medications that may be prescribed.

• Alpha-Blockers: This type of medication relaxes the muscles in the prostate and bladder neck, which helps urine flow better. Tamsulosin and alfuzosin are common alpha blockers often used as the first line of defense against BPH symptoms. They can provide relief for many individuals.
• 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors: These medications target the hormones (dihydrotestosterone) that cause the prostate to grow. Finasteride and dutasteride are common examples of these medications, which slow the growth of the prostate and improve urinary symptoms over time.
• Combination Therapy: In some cases, your physician may prescribe a combination of alpha-blockers and 5-alpha reductase inhibitors for a combined effect, offering both immediate relief and long-term benefits.

While medications can be effective in treating an enlarged prostate, some individuals may not be able to tolerate their side effects. Those may include lightheadedness, dry mouth, low blood pressure, falls, headaches, erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, reduced libido, nausea, or vomiting. If these occur and become burdensome, talk to your doctor so other treatment options can be explored.

Surgeries:

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is a type of prostate surgery done to relieve moderate to severe urinary symptoms caused by an enlarged prostate, a condition known as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

During TURP, a combined visual and surgical instrument (resectoscope) is inserted through the tip of your penis and into the tube that carries urine from your bladder (urethra). The urethra is surrounded by the prostate. Using the resectoscope, your doctor trims away excess prostate tissue that’s blocking urine flow and increases the size of the channel that allows you to empty your bladder.

TURP is one of the most effective options for treating urinary symptoms caused by BPH. 

There are other forms of surgeries There are several types of minimally invasive procedures to choose from, they include:

• Prostatic Stent                                                                
• High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU)
• Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate (HoLEP)
• Interstitial Laser Coagulation (ILC)
• Transurethral Electroevaporation of The Prostate TUVP
• Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy (TUMT)
• Transurethral Needle Ablation (TUNA)
• Photoselective Vaporization (PVP)
• UroLift
• Catheterization
• How do you know which is best for you GO to the M.D. (Urologist), whose the expert in making that decision. Guess what guys? Many less invasive procedures can be done right in the doctor’s office. So go find out if you’re having symptoms of BPH! 
• How do you know which is best for you GO to the M.D. (Urologist), whose the expert in making that decision. Guess what guys? Many less invasive procedures can be done right in the doctor’s office. So go find out if you’re having symptoms of BPH!

“In an extensive review, the team found that the early life “exposome,” which encompasses an individual’s diet, lifestyle, weight, environmental exposures, and microbiome, has changed substantially in the last several decades. They hypothesize that factors like the Western diet and lifestyle may be contributing to the rise in early onset cancer. The team acknowledged that this increased incidence of certain cancer types is, in part, due to early detection through cancer screening programs. They couldn’t precisely measure what proportion of this growing prevalence could solely be attributed to screening and early detection. However, they noted that increased incidence of many of the 14 cancer types is unlikely due to enhanced screening alone.

Possible risk factors for early onset cancer included alcohol consumption, sleep deprivation, smoking, obesity, and eating highly processed foods. Surprisingly, researchers found that while adult sleep duration hasn’t drastically changed over the several decades, children are getting far less sleep today than they were decades ago. Risk factors such as highly processed foods, sugary beverages, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol consumption have all significantly increased since the 1950s.

“Among the 14 cancer types on the rise that we studied, eight were related to the digestive system. The food we eat feeds the microorganisms in our gut,” said Ugai. “Diet directly affects microbiome composition and eventually these changes can influence disease risk and outcomes.”

“https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/09/researchers-report-dramatic-rise-in-early-onset-cancers/

Cancercenter.org states the following:

”One of the most common risk factors for cancer is something we can’t do anything about—age. Our cancer risk increases as we get older, with the average age at diagnosis hovering around 68.

But a new study in Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology says that over the last few decades, doctors have been seeing dramatic increases in cancer in adults younger than 50. The disturbing trend has scientists searching for:

• Reasons behind the sharp increase in early-onset cancer
• How best to screen for or detect cancers in young adults
• Whether the cancers are different types of common cancers in older adults
• Which treatments show promise for younger people

Cancers in the under-50 age group may foreshadow an “emerging pandemic,” says the study’s researchers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston. Cancer patients under 50 are at a different point in their lives than the typical, older patient: They may be students, parents of young children, family breadwinners or caregivers to aging parents. Their cancer treatments may mean a different financial burden, one that hits during their prime income-earning years. They may also face higher risks of other health issues, including infertility, heart disease and secondary cancers.

“Young adults often have a more challenging landscape than older adults diagnosed with cancer,” says Toufic Kachaamy, MD, Interventional Program Specialist and Chief of Medicine at Cancer Treatment Centers of America® (CTCA), Phoenix (he was not involved in the study). “When you’re 40 and get cancer, there’s a good chance that you’ve never been sick before. One day, you’re out to dinner or a party, the next thing you know, you’re on chemotherapy.”

Which cancer types were studied?

Researchers looked at 14 cancers being diagnosed with increased frequency in adults who haven’t turned 50 yet:

• Breast cancer
• Colorectal cancer
• Endometrial cancer
• Esophageal cancer
• Extrahepatic bile duct cancer
• Gallbladder cancer
• Head and neck cancer
• Kidney cancer
• Liver cancer
• Multiple myeloma
• Pancreatic cancer
• Prostate cancer
• Stomach cancer
• Thyroid cancer

Colorectal cancer

Some of the highest increases in early-onset cancer are being seen in patients with colon cancer and rectal cancer. While colorectal incidence rates have dropped by almost 40 percent since 2000 among adults 50 and older, the rate is rising in those under 50. The latter trend may be linked to obesity levels that have exploded in the 18-25 age group, from 6.2 percent in 1976-80 to 32.7 percent in 2017-18.

Some researchers have thought that a higher body mass index (BMI)—or how much someone weighs compared to how tall he or she is—was a more significant risk factor for colon cancer than for rectal cancer. But that theory may not hold for early-onset cases, since researchers say rectal cancer is increasing in the United States at a faster rate than colon cancer.

Stomach cancer and esophageal cancer

Stomach cancer and esophageal cancer, like colorectal cancers, are diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Eight of the 14 early-onset cancers studied are cancers of the digestive system.

The findings suggest someone’s microbiome—the microorganisms floating around in the digestive tract—impacts cancer risk, either because of changes caused by poor nutrition, lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking, or a significant increase in the use of antibiotics in recent decades.

Some risk factors for early-onset esophageal cancer include smoking, obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Heavy alcohol consumption is considered a risk factor for all stomach cancers, including early-onset cases.

Breast cancer

The study, instead of using the under-50 and over-50 groupings typical for breast cancer analyses, looked at premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Breast cancer is rising in both groups, but at a faster rate among younger, premenopausal adults.

Some studies have shown that a large number of female breast cancer patients under 50 were not considered at high risk for the disease. Now, the American College of Radiology and the Society of Breast Imaging recommend women begin regular mammograms at age 40 instead of 50.

Some research on premenopausal breast cancer points to reproductive risk factors, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption and the prevalence of Western-style diets—ones high in red meats and processed foods—as contributors to early-onset breast cancer.

Lung cancer

Lung cancer was not included in the study because it’s been decreasing in both the under-50 and over-50 age groups. But the proportion of lung cancer cases among nonsmokers in the under-50 age group is rising.

Women also are making up an increasing proportion of lung cancers diagnosed in patients under 50, with men contributing to a steeper decline in those cases than women.

What caused cancer rates to rise in people under 50?

While increased screening may partially explain the rising number of early-onset diagnoses, researchers say that doesn’t tell the whole story.

“Evidence suggests that the earliest phase of carcinogenesis might start in early life or young adulthood, followed by intervals of up to several decades between initial cellular damage and clinical cancer detection,” the study’s authors wrote.

Since the mid-20th century, many unhealthy changes have affected diet, lifestyle, obesity, the environment and our microbiomes. Those changes may now be occurring earlier in life and may be making humans more susceptible to cancer at a younger age. Studies also suggest the increase in early-onset cancers may be part of the growing trend in chronic diseases affecting younger adults.

If you’re a parent or thinking about becoming one, your concern about early-onset cancer should extend to your children. The study says that a woman’s smoking, diet, alcohol consumption and obesity during pregnancy may play roles in her child’s future cancer risk. Providing your children with healthy meals, limiting processed and sugary foods in their diets, encouraging them to exercise, watching their weight and avoiding their exposure to second-hand smoke may help reduce their future cancer risk at a time when they’re too young to make good choices for themselves.

“We found that this risk is increasing with each generation,” says Shuji Ogino, MD, PhD, a professor and physician-scientist in the Department of Pathology at Brigham who was involved with the study. “For instance, people born in 1960 experienced higher cancer risk before they turn 50 than people born in 1950, and we predict that this risk level will continue to climb in successive generations.”

Which cancer risk factors affect young adults?

Some of the causes behind the increased cancer rates for adults under age 50 are thought to include:

• Drinking alcohol in excess
• Smoking tobacco
• Eating a Western diet
• Being obese or overweight
• Having type 2 diabetes
• Getting too little sleep, having abnormal sleep patterns and/or getting too little sleep during childhood
• Bearing children at a late age
• Having the first menstrual period at a young age
• Lower breast-feeding rates and increased formula consumption
• Using oral contraceptive
• Being exposed to environmental toxins

https://www.cancercenter.com/community/blog/2023/01/why-are-cancer-rates-rising-in-adults-under-50

Through Harvard.ed they state the following:

“In an extensive review, the team found that the early life “exposome,” which encompasses an individual’s diet, lifestyle, weight, environmental exposures, and microbiome, has changed substantially in the last several decades. They hypothesize that factors like the Western diet and lifestyle may be contributing to the rise in early onset cancer. The team acknowledged that this increased incidence of certain cancer types is, in part, due to early detection through cancer screening programs. They couldn’t precisely measure what proportion of this growing prevalence could solely be attributed to screening and early detection. However, they noted that increased incidence of many of the 14 cancer types is unlikely due to enhanced screening alone.

Possible risk factors for early onset cancer included alcohol consumption, sleep deprivation, smoking, obesity, and eating highly processed foods. Surprisingly, researchers found that while adult sleep duration hasn’t drastically changed over the several decades, children are getting far less sleep today than they were decades ago. Risk factors such as highly processed foods, sugary beverages, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, and alcohol consumption have all significantly increased since the 1950s.

“Among the 14 cancer types on the rise that we studied, eight were related to the digestive system. The food we eat feeds the microorganisms in our gut,” said Ugai. “Diet directly affects microbiome composition and eventually these changes can influence disease risk and outcomes.”

“https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/09/researchers-report-dramatic-rise-in-early-onset-cancers/

Some of the causes behind the increased cancer rates for adults under age 50 are thought to include:

• Drinking alcohol in excess
• Smoking tobacco
• Eating a Western diet
• Being obese or overweight
• Having type 2 diabetes
• Getting too little sleep, having abnormal sleep patterns and/or getting too little sleep during childhood
• Bearing children at a late age
• Having the first menstrual period at a young age
• Lower breast-feeding rates and increased formula consumption
• Using oral contraceptive
• Being exposed to environmental toxins