Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, are distinct diseases that affect the liver and have different hepatitis symptoms and treatments. Other causes of hepatitis include recreational drugs and prescription medications. Hepatitis type is determined by laboratory tests.  The infection leads to inflammation of the liver with any hepatitis. The liver processes blood and filter toxins so they don’t cause damage to your body but when the organ is inflamed problems happen with the infection that caused the inflammation.

HEPATITIS A:

If you have this infection, you have inflammation in your liver that’s caused by a virus. You don’t always get symptoms, but when you do, you might have: Jaundice (yellowing of the skin), Pain in your belly, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Fever, Diarrhea, Fatigue, Loss of weight, fever, sore muscles, **Pain on the right side of the belly, under the rib cage-where your liver is located** (if not a combination of these symptoms).

Children often have the disease with few symptoms.

You can spread the Hepatitis A virus about 2 weeks before your symptoms appear and during the first week they show up, or even if you don’t have any.

How it’s transmitted:

-You can catch the disease if you drink water or food that’s been contaminated with the stool of someone with the virus.                                                                                                                                                  

You can also get infected if you:   HOW?  Well: -Eat fruits, vegetables, or other foods that were contaminated during handling.                                        

-Eat raw shellfish harvested from water that’s got the virus in it.                                                                        

-Swallow contaminated food. Exampes: Sometimes a group of people who eat at the same restaurant can get hepatitis A. This can happen when an employee with hepatitis A doesn’t wash his or her hands well after using the bathroom and then prepares food. It can also happen when a food item is contaminated by raw sewage or by an infected garden worker.                                                                                                                                                        

 -The disease can also spread in day care centers. Children, especially those in diapers, may get stool on their hands and then touch objects that other children put into their mouths. And workers can spread the virus if they don’t wash their hands well after changing a diaper.                                                                                                                                        

How Is It Diagnosed?

Blood tests allow doctors to diagnose it. **It is important to identify the type of hepatitis virus causing the infection to prevent it from spreading and to start the proper treatment. Since this Hepatitis A virus infection is spread through food or water that has been contaminated by the feces (stool) of an infected person.**

Are There Any Long-Term Effects?

Usually the virus doesn’t cause any long-term problems or complications. But according to the CDC, 10% to 15% of people with hepatitis A will have symptoms that last a long time or come back over a 6- to 9-month period. In rare situations, some people may have liver failure or need a transplant.

What’s the Treatment?

No treatments can cure the disease. Your doctor may take tests that check your liver function to be sure your body is healing.

Who is at highest risk for this?

-Live with or have sex with someone who’s -Travel to countries where hepatitis A is common

Remember the people who are also at risk:

-Men who have sex with men.                                                                                                                                       

-People who inject illegal drugs                                                                                                                                  

-Kids in child care and their teachers

-The virus can also be transmitted through close physical contact with an infectious person, although casual contact among people does not spread the virus.

HEPATITIS B

Hepatitis B is a serious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Infection with this virus can cause scarring of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, and even death. What happens to most cases of Hepatitis patients is the adult cases (up to 95%), hepatitis B causes limited infection. Usually people manage to fight off the infection successfully within a few months, developing an immunity that lasts a lifetime. (This means you won’t get the infection again).  Blood tests show evidence of this immunity, but no signs of active infection. Unfortunately, this is not true in infants and young children in which 90% of infants and 30% to 50% of children will develop a chronic infection.

Symptoms of acute infection (when a person is first infected with hepatitis) include:

–Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes and/or a brownish or orange tint to the urine) -Unusually light colored stool  -Unexplained fatigue that persists for weeks or months    

-Flu-like symptoms such as fever, loss of appetite, nausea, and vomiting –Abdominal pain

Often, symptoms occur one to six months after exposure, with an average of three month. An estimated 30% of those infected do not have any symptoms at all.

How it’s transmitted:

Hepatitis B is spread in infected blood and other bodily fluids such as semen and vaginal secretions. It is spread in the same way that the virus that causes AIDS (HIV) is spread but hepatitis B is 50 to 100 times more infectious. Most people who are infected with hepatitis B in the U.S. do not know they have it. If you’re pregnant and you’ve got hepatitis B, you could give the disease to your unborn child. If you deliver a baby who’s got it, he needs to get treatment in the first 12 hours after birth.

How it’s diagnosed:                                                                                                              

If your doctor suspects that you may have hepatitis B, he or she will perform a complete physical exam and order blood tests to look at the function of your liver. Hepatitis B is confirmed with blood tests that detect the virus.

If your disease becomes chronic, liver biopsies (tissue samples) may be obtained to detect the severity of the disease.

Are There Any Long-Term Effects?

Liver damage if the virus is not taken care will happen with multiple organ crash from putting affect on other organs from doing their jobs.

WHAT’S THE TREATMENT:

Treatment depends on whether you:

-Have been recently infected with the virus (treating acute hepatitis B).

-Have the symptoms of an acute infection.                                                                                                                  

-Have chronic infection (Have had the hepatitis B for a chronic period of time).                                        

-Acute vs Chronic=different RX.

Acute Hep B. you should get a shot of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the first of three shots of the hepatitis B vaccine(What is a PDF document?). It is important to receive this treatment within 7 days after a needle stick and within 2 weeks after sexual contact that may have exposed you to the virus. The sooner you receive treatment after exposure, the better the treatment works.

Regarding Chronic Hep B treatment depends on how active the virus is in your body and your chance of liver damage. The goal of treatment is to stop liver damage by keeping the virus from multiplying.

Antiviral medicine is used if the virus is active and you are at risk for liver damage. Medicine slows the ability of the virus to multiply.

Antiviral treatment isn’t given to everyone who has chronic hepatitis B.

Follow-up visits

Whether or not you take medicine, you will need to visit your doctor regularly. He or she will do blood tests to check your liver and the activity of the hepatitis B virus in your body.

Some of the tests can find out whether the virus is multiplying in your liver, which would increase your risk of liver damage.

Liver transplant

If you develop advanced liver damage and your condition becomes life-threatening, you may need a liver transplant. But not everyone is a good candidate for a liver transplant.

If you have not gotten a hepatitis B vaccine and think you may have been exposed to the virus, you should get a shot of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and the first of three shots of the hepatitis B vaccine(What is a PDF document?). It is important to receive this treatment within 7 days after a needle stick and within 2 weeks after sexual contact that may have exposed you to the virus. The sooner you receive treatment after exposure, the better the treatment works.

THOSE AT HIGHEST RISK FOR HEPATITIS B:

-Being born in, or spending more than 6 months in, parts of the world where hepatitis B is common or where a large number of people have been infected for a long time. Such areas include Southeast and Central Asia, the islands of the South Pacific, the Amazon River basin, the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe, and China.

-Being a man who has sex with men.

-Being sexually active. This includes having unprotected sex with someone who is infected with the virus or whose sexual history is unknown to you.

-Having more than one sex partner. (Your risk is higher if you have another sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia.)

-Living with someone who has a chronic hepatitis B infection.

-Getting body piercings or tattoos from someone who doesn’t sterilize his or her equipment.

-Sharing needles or other equipment (such as cotton, spoons, and water) to inject illegal drugs.

“Auto-brewery syndrome (ABS) is a rare condition that causes alcohol intoxication in people who haven’t consumed any alcohol. It’s also known as gut fermentation syndrome (GFS). It happens when microbes in your intestines ferment the sugars that you eat to produce ethanol — just like a brewery in your gut.”

Cleveland Clinic

(Auto-Brewery Syndrome: Symptoms, Causes & Treatment)

Auto brewery syndrome is a rare condition in which your body turns sugary and starchy foods into alcohol. This can cause symptoms as if you were drunk, even if you haven’t had any alcohol.

Auto-brewery syndrome or gut fermentation syndrome is a condition in which ethanol is produced through endogenous fermentation by fungi or bacteria in the gastrointestinal system, oral cavity, or urinary system. Patients with auto-brewery syndrome present with many of the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication while denying an intake of alcohol and often report a high-sugar, high-carbohydrate diet.

The production of endogenous ethanol occurs in minute quantities as part of normal digestion, but when fermenting yeast or bacteria become pathogenic, extreme blood alcohol levels may result. Auto-brewery syndrome is more prevalent in patients with co-morbidities such as diabetes, obesity, and Crohn disease but can occur in otherwise healthy individuals.  Several strains of fermenting yeasts and rare bacteria are identified as pathogens. While auto-brewery syndrome is rarely diagnosed, it is probably underdiagnosed. Even rarer are two cases of auto-brewery syndrome identified, one in the oral cavity and one in the urinary bladder.

ETIOLOGY:

Various yeasts from the Candida and Saccharomyces families are commensals turned pathogenic that cause auto-brewery syndrome. Several strains of bacteria are also known to ferment ethanol.

• Fermenting yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. boulardii, and various strains of Candida, including C. glabrata, C. albicans, C. kefyr, and C. parapsilosis are identified as causes of this condition.
• The bacteria Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, and Citrobacter freundii are implicated in at least one case each.
• Existing conditions, such as diabetes or liver problems, can impact the diagnosis of ABS. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) or liver cirrhosis (LC) tested higher for endogenous ethanol (EnEth) levels than a control group without the disease. But the EnEth levels peaked highest in a group of patients with both type 2 DM and LC, where the blood alcohol concentration reached 22.3 mg/dL.
• Four common yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Torulopsis glabrata) were combined with infant formulas. Ethanol production was measured after 24 and 48 hours. The quantities of ethanol produced suggest an explanation for patients exhibiting auto-brewery syndrome.
• Bacterial production of EnEth is involved in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Higher levels of EnEth are also detected in obese patients and those with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).

SYMPTOMS:

Auto brewery syndrome can make you:

• drunk without drinking any alcohol
• very drunk after only drinking a small amount of alcohol (such as two beers)

Symptoms and side effects are similar to when you are slightly drunk or when you have a hangover from drinking too much:

• red or flushed skin
• dizziness
• disorientation
• headache pain
• nausea and vomiting
• dehydration
• dry mouth
• burping or belching
• fatigue
• memory and concentration problems
• mood changes

Auto brewery syndrome can also lead to or worsen other health conditions such as:

• chronic fatigue syndrome
• irritable bowel syndrome
• depression and anxiety

How does someone get this syndrome?

Adults and children can have auto brewery syndrome. Signs and symptoms are similar in both. Auto brewery syndrome is usually a complication of another disease, imbalance, or infection in the body.

You can’t be born with this rare syndrome. However, you may be born with or get another condition that triggers auto brewery syndrome. For example, in adults, too much yeast in the gut may be caused by Crohn’s disease. This can set off auto brewery syndrome.

In some people liver problems may cause auto brewery syndrome. In these cases, the liver isn’t able to clear out alcohol fast enough. Even a small amount of alcohol made by gut yeast leads to symptoms.

Toddlers and children with a condition called short bowel syndrome have a higher chance of getting auto brewery syndrome. A medical case reported that a 3-year-old girl Trusted Source with short bowel syndrome would get “drunk” after drinking fruit juice, which is naturally high in carbohydrates.

Other reasons you may have too much yeast in your body include:

• poor nutrition
• antibiotics
• inflammatory bowel disease
• diabetes
• low immune system

How its diagnosed:

There are no specific tests to diagnose auto brewery syndrome. This condition is still newly discovered and more research is needed. Symptoms alone are typically not enough for a diagnosis.

Your doctor will likely do a stool test to find out if you have too much yeast in your gut. This involves sending a tiny sample of a bowel movement to a lab to be tested. Another test that might be used by some doctors is the glucose challenge.

In the glucose challenge test, you’ll be given a glucose (sugar) capsule. You won’t be allowed to eat or drink anything else for a few hours before and after the test. After about an hour, your doctor will check your blood alcohol level. If you don’t have auto brewery syndrome your blood alcohol level will be zero. If you have auto brewery disease your blood alcohol level may range from 1.0 to 7.0 milligrams per deciliter.

If you suspect you have this auto brewery syndrome, you might try a similar test at home, though you shouldn’t use it to self-diagnose. Eat something sugary, like a cookie, on an empty stomach. After an hour use an at-home breathalyzer to see if your blood alcohol level has risen. Write down any symptoms.

This home test may not work because you may not have noticeable symptoms. At-home breathalyzers may also not be as accurate as the ones used by doctors and law enforcement. Regardless of what you observe, see a doctor for a diagnosis.

“Legionnaires’ disease is a severe case of pneumonia – an inflammation in the lungs caused by a bacterium called legionella.

Legionnaires’ disease is caused by the waterborne Legionella bacteria, named after the 1976 outbreak involving a Philadelphia convention of the American Legion. During the event, many veterans and some attendees developed a severe, previously unrecognized form of pneumonia that became known as Legionnaires’ disease.

Up to 18,000 people are hospitalized with Legionnaires’ disease annually in the U.S. with outbreaks most common between June and October.

About 1 in 10 people who get sick from being infected by Legionella will die.  Awareness and early treatment are vital to help people fully recover from this disease.”

Alliance to Prevent Legionnaires Disease (Awareness – Prevent Legionnaires)

“The American Cancer Society’s estimates for soft tissue sarcomas in the United States for 2025 are:

• About 13,520 new soft tissue sarcomas will be diagnosed (7,600 in males and 5920 in females).
• About 5,420 people (2,960 males and 2,450 females) are expected to die of soft tissue sarcomas.

These statistics include both adults and children.”

Key Statistics for Soft Tissue Sarcomas | American Cancer Society

Soft tissue sarcoma symptoms:

Like many forms of cancer, soft tissue sarcoma symptoms may appear at a more advanced stage of the disease, or you might not notice any symptoms at all. Symptoms, if they are present, will also vary depending on the type of sarcoma and its location.

Signs of soft tissue sarcoma include:

A lump or mass is the most common soft tissue sarcoma sign. The lump will form in the area in which the tumor is growing, and it may be accompanied by some pain if it is pressing on a nerve or muscle. Even if the lump isn’t painful, if it continues to grow, or if it is located deep within an extremity or body cavity, consult your doctor.

Uncomfortable swelling is another sign of soft tissue sarcoma, especially when it is located in the arms and legs.

Limited mobility may be a symptom of soft tissue sarcoma. Some tumors can restrict motion, such as those found in the hip, knee, shoulder or hands.

Skin lesions can occur when a sarcoma tumor breaks through the skin.

Other symptoms may be signs of soft tissue sarcoma, because a sarcoma tumor can form almost anywhere in the body and can therefore affect a variety of organs. For example, sarcomas in the abdomen may cause abdominal pain, vomiting or constipation, while sarcomas in the uterus may cause vaginal bleeding and/or abdominal pain. With gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), you may feel full after eating only very small meals, or you may vomit blood or have dark bowel movements.

Diagnosing Sarcoma:

If your doctor thinks you may have a sarcoma, you’ll probably need a full exam and tests, including: A sample of cells from the tumor, called a biopsy. A plain x-ray to imaging tests, such as a CT scan, an ultrasound, an MRI, a PET (Positron Emission Tomography) to help see inside your body. A bone scan, if you might have osteosarcoma.  Also a biopsy-several types of biopsies are used to diagnose sarcomas..

Treatment of Soft Tissue Sarcoma:

Surgery is typically the primary treatment for soft-tissue sarcoma, used to remove tumors. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy and/or targeted therapy may also be recommended, either alone or in combination with surgery, depending on the stage and extent of the disease, along with other factors.

Surgery

The goal of surgery is to locate and completely remove the soft tissue sarcoma tumor. Our pathologists then examine the tumor to determine whether or not additional treatment is necessary, and to reduce the risk of recurrence.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy may be used in combination with surgery and radiation therapy to treat advanced-stage soft tissue sarcoma. Chemotherapy drugs work to either destroy cancer cells or impede their ability to grow and reproduce.

At our hospitals, we are developing innovative therapies personalized to the care of each soft tissue sarcoma patient. Our medical oncologists work closely with soft tissue sarcoma patients to determine if chemotherapy is an appropriate treatment option. Throughout your soft tissue sarcoma treatment, your care team continually monitors the effect of chemotherapy on the disease, with physical exams, blood tests, CT scans, MRI scans and chest X-rays and imaging.

Radiation therapy

Depending on the type of soft tissue sarcoma you have and the extent of the disease, your soft tissue sarcoma treatment plan may include radiation therapy. Though surgery is usually the main treatment approach for soft tissue sarcoma, radiation treatments may also be used before (neoadjuvant therapy) or following surgery (adjuvant therapy).

Targeted therapy

Unlike standard chemotherapy drugs, which may affect all cells in the body, targeted therapy drugs are designed to seek out and kill specific cancer cells while sparing surrounding healthy cells. Targeted cancer therapies may be used alone, in combination with other targeted therapy treatments or with other soft tissue sarcoma treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy and surgery. Among the drugs used in targeted therapy are so-called kinase inhibitors, which target specific protein receptors that help regulate cell growth.

“Carcinoma is one of the five main types of cancer.

Carcinomas are the kind you hear about the most. When people say they have skin cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and so on, those are all carcinomas.

“Carcinomas are the most common type of cancer. They’re the ones most people immediately think of,” Dr. Shepard says.

That’s because 80% of cancer diagnoses are carcinomas.

Carcinomas are cancers that develop in your epithelial cells. Those are the cells at the outermost layer of the surfaces inside and outside your body. They’re the cells that surround your skin, as well as your organs and glands.”

Cleveland Clinic (The Difference Between Carcinoma and Sarcoma)

What is Sarcoma?

Sarcoma is a rare but deadly form of cancer affecting connective tissues such as fat, muscle, blood vessels, nerve, bone, deep skin and cartilage. There are roughly 15,000 new cases in the United States each year, with a very low median age of 36 (for bone sarcomas). Survival rates are low, even in comparison to other rare cancers. Rhabdomyosarcoma, a relatively common sarcoma, has a five-year survival rate of 65%, even if caught before metastasis. If caught after metastasis, the five-year survival rate lowers to approximately 30%. This is all to say that while sarcomas are rare, they are extremely devastating.

Sarcomas are a diverse and sporadic group of tumors that have minimal hereditary influence. They are generally classified into two major groups; the group of tumor-specific reoccurring genetic mutations via specific and aberrant chromosome translocation, and the group of non-reoccurring mutations which are based on severe genetic and chromosomal instability. Both groups have altered cell growth-factor signaling pathways. As a result, the introduction of drugs which can normalize growth-factor receptors and proteins are of great interest and the primary treatment given. With improvements in these drugs, it is believed that sarcoma can move from a deadly disease to a chronic but non-life-threatening disease.

Unfortunately, the specificity of the first group of sarcomas, where specific chromosomes are improperly translocated, can often permit the sarcoma to prevail after standard treatment. This is obviously problematic but, if overcome, could spark the development of a whole new field of cancer treatment. In other words, if scientists can discover how to isolate and guide specific chromosomal arrangement, they will able to address many of the hard to treat cancers of today.

With genetic engineering it is theoretically possible to prevent cancer before it begins. However, even without moving this far into the future, the improper chromosomal translocation can provide a sort of name-tagging of the cancer cell. With the cancer cells identified, it can guide modalities aimed at destroying diseased tissue while sparing healthy tissue.

Sarcoma is an under-researched cancer whose research can help to elevate cancer treatment, as a whole. Not only would breakthroughs save the lives of countless children, it could also advance medicine, as a whole. By bringing awareness to sarcoma and the potential development its research can spark, this potential can become a reality.

Soft tissue sarcomas may develop in any tissue that connects, supports or surrounds other structures and organs in the body. Some examples of where soft tissues sarcomas can develop are muscles, fascia (the tough membrane that surrounds muscles), tendons, fat, blood vessels, nerves and synovial tissues (connective tissue that makes up the membranes surrounding joints).

Soft tissue sarcomas are rare in adults, accounting for less than 1 percent of all new cases of cancer. The American Cancer Society reports that about 12,750 new cases of soft tissue sarcoma will be diagnosed in 2019 (7,240 cases in males and 5,510 cases in females). Sarcomas can be found almost anywhere in the body.

According to the National Cancer Institute, about 50 percent of soft tissue sarcoma cases occur in the extremities (arms and legs), 40 percent occur in the trunk (back and chest), and 10 percent occur in the head and neck.

Causes of Sarcoma:

“Cardiomyopathy can be caused by various factors, including genetic predisposition, viral infections, alcohol abuse, high blood pressure, autoimmune diseases, and certain medications. Complications of cardiomyopathy can include arrhythmias, heart failure, stroke, heart valve disease, cardiac arrest, and cardiogenic shock. Early detection and management are crucial to prevent these complications.”

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (Cardiomyopathy – Causes and Risk Factors | NHLBI, NIH)