QUOTE FOR MONDAY:

Mad Cow Disease has largely eradicated and does not pose much risk, atypical cases can still occur.  Facts on Mad Cow Disease:

1-“Since 1996, evidence has been increasing for a causal relationship between the outbreak in Europe of a disease in cattle, called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE, or “mad cow disease”), and a disease in humans, called “variant” Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).

Both disorders are invariably fatal brain diseases with unusually long incubation periods measured in years, and are caused by abnormally folded proteins in the brain called “prions” (pree-ons).  ”

Cattle affected by BSE experience progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Signs usually don’t appear until about 3–6 years after initial infection.

The highest quality beef comes from animals that are under 36 months of age. Old cows produce highly acceptable beef if properly fattened and processed but know there is testing cows for it before making it food on our table.

Know this BSE belongs to a family of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies that includes, among others, scrapie in sheep and goats; chronic wasting disease in deer, elk, and moose; and classic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in people.”

1-Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-CDC (https://www.cdc.gov/prions/index.html)

Part II MAD COW DISEASE=bovine spongiform encephalopathy. BSE in humans called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).

        

Brain Results that were exposed to Mad Cow Disease making the brain a  spongy like appearance.  This is how it got the name BSE.

U.S. Drug and Food Administration states, “People can get a version of BSE called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). As of December 4, 2017, 231 people worldwide are known to have become sick with vCJD according to the University of Edinburgh’s National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit. It is thought that they got the disease from eating food made from cows sick with BSE. Most of the people who have become sick with vCJD lived in the United Kingdom at some point in their lives. Only four lived in the U.S., and most likely, these four people became infected when they were living or traveling overseas.

Neither vCJD nor BSE is contagious. This means that it is not like catching a cold. A person (or a cow) cannot catch it from being near a sick person or cow. Also, research studies have shown that people cannot get BSE from drinking milk or eating dairy products, even if the milk came from a sick cow.”

Unfortunately, there are currently no treatments for prion diseases, brain-wasting diseases that are invariably fatal. The most common human prion disease is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), better known as mad cow disease.  This disease is rare in humans.

Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) can resemble those of other dementia-like brain disorders, such as Alzheimer’s. But Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease usually progresses much more rapidly.

CJD captured public attention in the 1990s when some people in the United Kingdom developed a form of the disease — variant CJD (vCJD) — after eating meat from diseased cattle. However, “classic” Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease hasn’t been linked to contaminated beef.

Although serious, CJD is rare, and vCJD is the least common form. Worldwide, there is an estimated one case of CJD diagnosed per million people each year, most often in older adults.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is marked by rapid mental deterioration, usually within a few months. Initial signs and symptoms typically include:

  • Personality changes
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Memory loss
  • Impaired thinking
  • Blurred vision or blindness
  • Insomnia
  • Difficulty speaking
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Sudden, jerky movements

As the disease progresses, mental symptoms worsen. Most people eventually lapse into a coma, first dementia to death. Heart failure, respiratory failure, pneumonia or other infections are generally the cause of death. Death usually occurs within a year.

In people with the rarer vCJD, psychiatric symptoms may be more prominent in the beginning, with dementia — the loss of the ability to think, reason and remember — developing later in the illness. In addition, this variant affects people at a younger age than classic CJD does and appears to have a slightly longer duration — 12 to 14 months.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease & its variants belong to a broad group of human & Sanimal diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs). The name derives from the spongy holes, visible under a microscope, that affect the brain tissue.

How its transmitted?  The risk of CJD is low. The disease can’t be transmitted through coughing or sneezing, touching, or sexual contact.

1-Heredity: 15 percent of people with CJD have a family history of the disease or test positive for a genetic mutation associated with CJD. This type is referred to as familial CJD.

2-Exposure to contaminated tissue. People who’ve received human growth hormone derived from human pituitary glands or who’ve had grafts of tissue that covers the brain (dura mater) may be at risk of iatrogenic CJD. .

3-The low risk of contracting vCJD from eating contaminated beef.

Regulating potential sources of vCJD

Most countries have taken steps to prevent BSE-infected tissue from entering the food supply, including:

  • Tight restrictions on importation of cattle from countries where BSE is common
  • Restrictions on animal feed
  • Strict procedures for dealing with sick animals
  • Surveillance and testing methods for tracking cattle health
  • Restrictions on which parts of cattle can be processed for food

 

QUOTE FOR THE WEEKEND:

“The word BSE is short but it stands for a disease with a long name, bovine spongiform encephalopathy. “Bovine” means that the disease affects cows, “spongiform” refers to the way the brain from a sick cow looks spongy under a microscope, and “encephalopathy” meaning that it is a disease of the brain. BSE is commonly called “mad cow disease.

Cattle affected by BSE experience progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Signs usually don’t appear until about 3–6 years after initial infection.

Here’s what to look for:

  • Changes in temperament (nervousness or aggression)
  • Abnormal posture
  • Coordination problems and difficulty in rising
  • Weight loss
  • Decreased milk production
  • Loss of condition without noticeable loss of appetite

After signs appear, the animal’s condition deteriorates until it dies. This usually takes anywhere from 2 weeks to 6 months.”

U.S.D.A. US Dept or Agriculture (https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/cattle/bse)

Part I MAD COW DISEASE=bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) & in humans called Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).

Mad Cow Disease (Spongiform Encephalopathy or BSE)

Mad cow disease, or bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is a disease that was first found in cattle. It’s related to a disease in humans called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Both disorders are universally fatal brain diseases caused by a prion. A prion is a protein particle that lacks DNA (nucleic acid). It’s believed to be the cause of various infectious diseases of the nervous system. Eating infected cattle products, including beef, can cause a human to develop mad cow disease.

What is mad cow disease?

Mad cow disease is a progressive, fatal neurological disorder of cattle resulting from infection by a prion. It appears to be caused by contaminated cattle feed that contains the prion agent. Most mad cow disease has happened in cattle in the United Kingdom (U.K.), a few cases were found in cattle in the U.S. between 2003 and 2006. There were 4 more reported up to 2018.  Feed regulations were then tightened.

In addition to the cases of mad cow reported in the U.K. (78% of all cases were reported there) and the U.S., cases have also been reported in other countries, including France, Spain, Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Canada. Public health control measures have been implemented in many of the countries to prevent potentially infected tissues from entering the human food chain. These preventative measures appear to have been effective. For instance, Canada believes its prevention measures will wipe out the disease from its cattle population by 2017.

What is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD)?

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) is a rare, fatal brain disorder. It causes a rapid, progressive dementia (deterioration of mental functions), as well as associated neuromuscular disturbances. The disease, which in some ways resembles mad cow disease, traditionally has affected men and women between the ages of 50 and 75. The variant form, however, affects younger people (the average age of onset is 28) and has observed features that are not typical as compared with CJD. About 230 people with vCJD have been identified since 1996. Most are from the U.K. and other countries in Europe. It is rare in the U.S., with only 4 reported cases since 1996 until May of 2023 in Chicago found in baby cow.

What is the current risk of acquiring vCJD from eating beef and beef products produced from cattle in Europe?

Currently this risk appears to be very small, perhaps fewer than 1 case per 10 billion servings–if the risk exists at all. Travelers to Europe who are concerned about reducing any risk of exposure can avoid beef and beef products altogether, or can select beef or beef products, such as solid pieces of muscle meat, as opposed to ground beef and sausages. Solid pieces of beef are less likely to be contaminated with tissues that may hide the mad cow agent. Milk and milk products are not believed to transmit the mad cow agent. You can’t get vCJD or CJD by direct contact with a person who has the disease. Three cases acquired during transfusion of blood from an infected donor have been reported in the U.K. Most human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is not vCJD and is not related to beef consumption but is also likely due to prion proteins

The Risk of getting Mad Cow Disease in the US, based on CDC-Centers for Disease Prevention and Control show the following statistics:

On December 23, 2003, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a presumptive diagnosis of the first known case of BSE in the United States. It was in an adult Holstein cow from Washington State. This diagnosis was confirmed by an international reference laboratory in Weybridge, England, on December 25. Trace-back based on an ear-tag identification number and subsequent genetic testing confirmed that the BSE-infected cow was imported into the United States from Canada in August 2001.

Because the animal was non-ambulatory (a “downer cow”) at slaughter, brain tissue samples were taken by USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service as part of its targeted surveillance for BSE. However the animal’s condition was attributed to complications from calving. After the animal was examined by a USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) veterinary medical officer both before and after slaughter, the carcass was released for use as food for human consumption. During slaughter, the tissues considered to be at high risk for the transmission of the BSE agent were removed.

On December 24, 2003, FSIS recalled beef from cattle slaughtered in the same plant on the same day as the BSE positive cow.

On June 24, 2005, the USDA announced receipt of final results from The Veterinary Laboratories Agency in Weybridge, England, confirming BSE in a cow that had conflicting test results in 2004. This cow was from Texas, died at approximately 12 years of age, and represented the first endemic case of BSE by a cow in the United States.

On March 15, 2006, the USDA announced the confirmation of BSE in a cow in Alabama. The case was identified in a non-ambulatory (downer) cow on a farm in Alabama. The animal was euthanized by a local veterinarian and buried on the farm. The age of the cow was estimated by examination of the dentition as 10 years old.

It had no ear tags or distinctive marks; the herd of origin could not be identified despite an intense investigation.

In August 2008, several ARS investigators reported that a rare, genetic abnormality that may persist within the cattle population “is considered to have caused” BSE in this atypical (H-type) BSE animal from Alabama.

On April 24, 2012, the USDA confirmed a BSE case in a dairy cow in California. This cow was tested as part of the USDA targeted BSE surveillance at rendering facilities in the United States. The cow was 10 years and 7 months old and was classified as having the L-type BSE strain.

On July 18, 2017, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced the confirmation of the fifth case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in an 11-year-old cow in Alabama. The cow was found through USDA’s routine surveillance. The cow was found to be positive for an atypical (L-type) strain of BSE. Atypical BSE usually occurs in older cattle and seems to arise spontaneously in cattle populations.

On August 29, 2018 the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced a confirmed atypical, H-type case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in a six year old mixed-breed beef cow in Florida. USDA reported that this animal never entered the food supply and at no time presented a risk to human health.

How does the cow even get Mad Cow Disease?

The parts of a cow that are not eaten by people are cooked, dried, and ground into a powder. The powder is then used for a variety of purposes, including as an ingredient in animal feed. A cow gets BSE by eating feed contaminated with parts that came from another cow that was sick with BSE. The contaminated feed contains the abnormal prion, and a cow becomes infected with the abnormal prion when it eats the feed. If a cow gets BSE, it most likely ate the contaminated feed during its first year of life. Remember, if a cow becomes infected with the abnormal prion when it is one-year-old, it usually will not show signs of BSE until it is five-years-old or possibly older.

Learn more tomorrow in Part II on Mad Cow Disease.

 

 

QUOTE FOR FRIDAY:

“Your liver is the primary detoxification organ, and it handles the job in two phases. In the first phase, specialized enzymes chemically alter toxic substances through oxidation or reduction, essentially breaking them down into intermediate compounds. In the second phase, a different set of enzymes attaches those intermediates to molecules like glutathione or sulfate, making them water-soluble enough to be excreted through urine or bile.

The liver and gastrointestinal tract handle the bulk of this work, but they’re not alone. Your kidneys filter about 150 quarts of blood daily, pulling out waste products and excess substances. Your lungs expel volatile compounds with every breath. Your skin pushes some waste out through sweat. Your lymphatic system carries cellular debris toward filtration points throughout your body. This is a continuous, layered process that doesn’t need a reset button.”

Science Insights (https://scienceinsights.org/is-detoxing-good-for-you-what-science-actually-says/)

Why Detoxify Your Body Once Yearly!

First Knowing How Detox Works:

Detoxification is the body’s natural process of removing waste and toxins through the liver (the primary organ that does detoxifying), kidneys, lungs, skin, and digestive systemstructured detox, such as short-term dietary reset or nutrient-rich cleanse, can support these organs by reducing the intake of processed foods, alcohol, & excess sugar, giving your body “reset” and potentially improving overall health and energy levels. 

Potential Benefits of Annual Detoxifying:

  1. Supports Digestion and Gut HealthA detox emphasizing whole foods, fiber, and hydration could definitely help the intestines eliminate waste more efficiently and reduce digestive discomfort. 

  2. Encourages Healthy Eating HabitsPeriodic detoxes can help break cycles of overindulgence, that indirectly is making it easier to maintain balanced nutrient-rich diet throughout the year. 

  3. May Reduce Toxin Load:      While the body naturally detoxifies, reducing exposure to processed foods, alcohol, and the environmental toxins during a cleanse can lessen the burden on detox organs.

  4. Supports Weight Management:                                                                  Some studies suggest that a nutrient- rich detox can modestly reduce BMI and waist circumference by promoting healthier eating patterns.

Keep in Mind:

Extreme detox methods, such as prolonged fasting, juice-only diets, or supplement heavy cleanses, can be harmful, causing electrolyteimbalances, kidney stress, or nutrient deficiencies.  Know most health experts recommend the following:                              Short-term, food-based detoxes rather than harsh regimens. safe approach is 1 to 3 day cleanse once a yr or up to 1 to 4 times a yr for those seeking seasonal resets, focusing on whole foods , hydration, and balanced nutrition.

Always check with your doctor or GP or special GI doctor or endocrinologist before doing this on your own especially if you have medical problems and are on medications.  You want to make sure the diet won’t cause problems with the condition you have or interact with your meds.  Always best to check with your MD or least make a tele appointment to talk to your doctor about the diet.

Part II A condition rarely talked about; thinning of the vaginal wall! Learn complications, diagnostic tests and treatments!

What are the complications of vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

Vaginal atrophy can affect your quality of life and your relationship with your partner(s). There are physical and emotional side effects of GSM. Physical symptoms like pain, burning, itching and leaking pee can disrupt all areas of your life. Emotional side effects are just as complicated as the physical side effects. If you’re experiencing symptoms of vaginal atrophy, you may lose interest in sex and intimacy or lose confidence in yourself. Please know that all of these feelings are normal and that your healthcare provider is there to help you.

Diagnosis and Tests

How is vaginal atrophy (GSM) diagnosed?

A healthcare provider can diagnose vaginal atrophy based on your symptoms and a pelvic exam to look at your vagina and cervix. Classic signs of atrophy during a pelvic exam include:

  • A shortened or narrowed vagina.
  • Dryness, redness and swelling.
  • Loss of stretchiness.
  • Whitish discoloration to your vagina.
  • Vulvar skin conditions, vulvar lesions and/or vulvar patch redness.
  • Minor cuts (lacerations) near your vaginal opening.
  • Decrease in size of the labia.

What tests are done to diagnose vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

While healthcare providers typically rely on examinations to diagnose atrophic changes or GSM, they may do the following tests to rule out other conditions:

  • Pap test.
  • Urine sample.
  • Ultrasound.
  • Vaginal pH (acid test).
  • Vaginal infection testing.

What questions might my healthcare provider ask to diagnose vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

  • Are you in menopause?
  • What medications are you taking?
  • Did you recently have a baby?
  • Is vaginal intercourse painful?
  • Have you tried over-the-counter (OTC) lubricants or moisturizers?
  • Have you noticed any vaginal discharge?
  • Have you been bleeding or spotting?
  • How long have you noticed these symptoms?

It’s common to feel uncomfortable discussing symptoms of vaginal atrophy. Don’t feel ashamed to mention it to your healthcare provider if you think you have symptoms. There are several different treatment options available and most are successful in treating your symptoms.

Management and Treatment

What are the hormonal treatment options for vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

Estrogen therapy and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are the only hormone therapies for vaginal atrophy.

Topical estrogen

Topical vaginal estrogen treats symptoms of vaginal atrophy without increasing levels of estrogen levels in your bloodstream. It’s available in a cream, a vaginal pill or a ring. Your healthcare provider can discuss each option with you and which may work best for you.

  • Vaginal estrogen cream: You put this cream into your vagina using an applicator. Most people need the cream daily for several weeks, but then 2-3 times per week.
  • Vaginal ring: A vaginal ring is a thin, flexible ring your healthcare provider places into your vagina. The ring releases a low dose of estrogen over the course of three months. Then, your provider removes and replaces the ring.
  • Vaginal tablet: You place a small tablet into your vagina using an applicator. Like other estrogen treatments, you start out using it daily before tapering off to 2-3 times per week.
  • Hormone replacement therapy

    Also called systemic estrogen therapy, this type of hormone therapy may be helpful if you have other symptoms of menopause such as severe hot flashes. This is taken in higher doses that go to other cells of your body, not just to your vagina. If you’re more than 10 years past menopause or only have vaginal dryness, you’ll probably use local therapy. If you do need systemic hormone therapy, there are benefits, such as improved vaginal health, better sleep, fewer hot flashes and improved mood. You and your healthcare provider can discuss if systemic hormone therapy is right for you.

    What are nonhormonal treatments for vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

    You and your healthcare provider will work closely together to come up with a treatment plan for vaginal atrophy. They’ll help you decide which plan is most effective based on your symptoms and the severity of them. Estrogen and DHEA therapy are considered to be the most effective. However, these therapies aren’t for everyone. There are several treatment options available that don’t involve hormones.

    Lubricants and moisturizers

    Lubricants and moisturizers treat vaginal dryness. This improves comfort during sex. Multiple brand names are available over the counter at your local grocery store.

    Vaginal lubricants should be used during intercourse to reduce friction and pain with sex. They’re water, silicone or oil based. These products are very short-acting.

based on your health history and your situation. They’ll work with you to determine the most successful treatment plan. Keep in mind that many people find success combining treatments.

Outlook / Prognosis

What can I expect if I’ve been diagnosed with vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

You don’t have to just “live with” vaginal atrophy. Even if you’re in menopause or postmenopausal, that doesn’t mean you should have to deal with UTIs, vaginal itching or painful sex. Treatment for GSM can be very successful. Don’t be afraid to try different treatments and work with your provider on a method that works best for you.

Can vaginal atrophy (GSM) be reversed?

Vaginal atrophy can’t be cured, but you don’t have to live with the discomfort. With proper diagnosis and treatment, the symptoms can be managed.

Can vaginal atrophy (GSM) get worse?

Yes, it can. That’s why prompt treatment is important. The sooner you get treatment, the less likely it is that your vaginal atrophy will worsen. For example, the longer you go without estrogen, the dryer your vagina will become. Without treatment, your vaginal atrophy may get worse. Occasionally, atrophy can become so severe that it can significantly narrow your vaginal opening. This may make it harder to treat the atrophy if treatment is started too late.

Prevention

Can vaginal atrophy (GSM) be prevented?

Losing estrogen is part of your body’s natural aging process.

However, there are ways to keep vaginal atrophy from getting worse. Avoid vaginal irritants such as perfumes, dye, shampoo, detergents and douching.

Remember, regular sexual activity is good for vaginal atrophy because it increases blood flow to your vaginal tissue.

Living With

What is it like living with vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

Vaginal atrophy can seriously affect your quality of life in general, not just your sex life. The pain, dryness, burning/itching, spotting, bleeding, urinary problems, UTIs and discharge can make you very uncomfortable and interfere with your daily living. One in 4 women report that vaginal atrophy has had a negative impact on other areas of their lives including their sleep, sexual health and general happiness.

How do I take care of myself?

Prioritize your sexual health as much as any other aspect of your health. Look to your healthcare provider for answers to any questions and concerns.

When should I see my healthcare provider for vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

Even if you’re not in menopause, be sure to report any symptoms of dryness, pain, burning/itching, urinary problems, unusual spotting or bleeding or discharge to your healthcare provider.

If weeks go by and the over-the-counter moisturizers you’re using for dryness don’t work, you should see your healthcare provider.

Also, always see your healthcare provider for any symptoms that negatively impact your daily life.

What questions should I ask my healthcare provider?

  • What over-the-counter options do you recommend for me?
  • What prescriptions do you recommend for me?
  • Is my condition temporary?
  • Are there other ways to treat my condition?
  • Are there any risks of treatment?
  • How long will it be before the treatments work?
  • Do I have another condition on top of vaginal atrophy?
  • What else can I do to stop vaginal atrophy from worsening?
  • What can my partner(s) do to help?

Additional Common Questions

What’s the difference between vaginal atrophy and a yeast infection?

Both vaginal atrophy and yeast infections can have symptoms of dryness, itching, redness and pain. However, lack of estrogen causes vaginal atrophy while a fungal infection causes a vaginal yeast infection. Consult with your healthcare provider regarding symptoms so that, together, you can determine what condition you have.

Just Remember:

Vaginal atrophy is serious. It affects your quality of life with discomfort, frequent bathroom trips, frequent UTIs, burning, pain with sex and more. Fortunately, there are many treatments and your healthcare provider can help you find the best option for your symptoms.

Seek treatment. Don’t be afraid to have the conversation with your healthcare provider and with your partner(s). Always follow your healthcare provider’s instructions and do what you can to manage vaginal atrophy.

 

QUOTE FOR WEDNESDAY:

“Vaginal atrophy used to be a medical term for thinning and drying of the vagina’s inner lining, often after menopause. Another name for it was atrophic vaginitis. These terms are no longer used. The physical changes they described are now considered to be part of a group of symptoms that affect the genitals and lower urinary tract, called genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM).”

MAYO Clinic (Vaginal atrophy – Symptoms & causes – Mayo Clinic)

Part I A condition rarely talked about; thinning of the vaginal wall! What it is, the symptoms, the causes and those at risk!

Vaginal atrophy is a condition where the lining of your vagina gets drier and thinner. This results in itching, burning and pain during sex, among other symptoms. The condition also includes urinary tract problems such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and urinary incontinence.

Vaginal atrophy most often occurs during perimenopause and menopause  when your ovaries produce less estrogen. It can occur when your estrogen levels decrease due to cancer treatment or having your ovaries removed. You may experience many uncomfortable symptoms when hormone levels decrease. These symptoms can disrupt your quality of life.

Recently, the term vaginal atrophy has been replaced with the newer term, genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM). This new term helps describe not just the vaginal, but also the urinary symptoms that may occur as a result of low estrogen.

How common is vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

At least half of women who enter menopause show signs and symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause. Vaginal dryness is typically the first indication that you’re developing vaginal atrophy.

Symptoms and Causes

What are the symptoms of vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

The tissue that lines the wall of your vagina becomes thin, dry and inflamed when you have vaginal atrophy. Often, the first sign is less lubrication (dryness), which you may notice during sex. Other symptoms of genitourinary syndrome of menopause include:

  • Burning and/or itching in your vagina.
  • Dyspareunia (pain during sex).
  • Unusual vaginal discharge (usually a yellow color).
  • Spotting or bleeding, especially during sex.
  • Vulvar itching (itching around your external genitals).

It can also affect your urinary system and cause symptoms like:

  • Frequent urinary tract infections (UTIs).
  • Being unable to hold your pee (incontinence).
  • Peeing more than usual.
  • Painful urination (dysuria).
  • Blood in your pee (hematuria).
  • Burning feeling when you pee.

What causes vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

During menopause, your body makes less estrogen. Without estrogen, the lining of your vagina can become thinner and less stretchy. Your vaginal canal can also narrow and shorten. Less estrogen also lowers the amount of normal vaginal fluids and changes the acid balance in your vagina. All of these factors make your vaginal tissue more delicate and more likely to become irritated.

Your body can also produce less estrogen during events other than menopause. If you’re breastfeeding, receiving treatment for cancer or have had your ovaries removed, you can experience vaginal atrophy due to lack of estrogen.

Who is at risk for getting vaginal atrophy (GSM)?

Women in menopause are the most likely to experience vaginal atrophy because their body naturally produces less estrogen. However, other factors can decrease estrogen levels and lead to vaginal atrophy. These include:

  • Decreased ovarian functioning due to chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
  • Medications that contain antiestrogen properties including tamoxifen, medroxyprogesterone and nafarelin.
  • Oophorectomy (removal of your ovaries).
  • Some birth control pills.
  • Immune disorders.
  • Breastfeeding.
  • Smoking cigarettes.
If you have penetrative sexual activity less often (with or without a partner), you may also have a higher risk of moderate to severe vaginal atrophy. Studies show that people who have sex more often tend to have milder cases of atrophy than those who stop having sex. This is because sexual stimulation increases blood flow to your vagina and makes your vaginal tissue more elastic.